Neorealist Aesthetics on Rome Open City and 8 1/2 Essay

Introduction To critically evaluate the influences of neorealist aesthetics on Rome, Open City (1945) and 8 ½ (1963) I believe there are several measure I have to take. First of all, I believe it is essential to get a clear understanding of Italian neorealism and the common aesthetics of neorealist films. Once I have that established it will enable me to critically evaluate the influences of neorealist aesthetics on Rome, Open City and afterwards, 8 ½, drawing them both together in the conclusion. The end of World War II, and Mussolini’s fascist regime in 1945 enabled a national film movement to flourish in Italy. This movement was branded ‘Italian neorealism’, and with its unique aesthetic style and themes it produced, arguably, some of the most influential films ever made. Neorealism was seen to be a perfect way for Italian filmmakers to portray the misery and suffering they, and the entire nation experienced throughout this period of repression. Martha Nochimson describ es Italian neorealism as: A strong form of filmic poetry that aims for truth in its stories about the poor and the working class, without using the glamorizing techniques that Hollywood prefers, (that) can only be fully understood within the context of Italian social and political history. Italian neorealism has distinctive stylistic qualities that give it an almost documentary, ‘newsreel’ feel to the films. Neorealists believed this greatly added to the authenticity of each film and depicted life at that time in a more realistic way. Common characteristics of neorealist films are that they are shot on location, use non-professional or relatively unknown, inexperienced actors, have plain and simple mise-en-scene, avoid complex editing, have a straight forward, feely moving documentary style of photography and have a loosely plotted narrative. Martha Nochimson summerises this perfectly in stating that: Neorealists insisted on taking their cameras into real locations, using natural light and sound, and stripping their characters of synthetic enhancements. They frequently experimented with using non-professional and young unknown actors in order to avoid the carefully calculated mannerisms of the star. As well as having  a distinctive style, neorealist films also tended to have thematic similarities too. They generally placed emphasis on the contemporary situation, focused on the struggles of the lower class, marginalised population within society and often avoided the conventional Hollywood, ‘happy-ever-after’ endings. Rome, Open City is considered by many to be one of the most influential films ever made, and as a result it firmly put Italian neorealism on the map in world cinema. Due to the production starting virtually immediately after the occupying Germans departed, Peter Brunette described, ‘that the making of the film was carried out in the worst possible conditions’. Because Rome was still recovering from the devastating impact the war had on the city Rossellini had no other choice but to use real locations as the film studios within the area had either been bombed, or were being used as shelter for refugees affected by the destruction of the city. Marcus Millicent points out other obstacles Rossellini faced during the production, he states, ‘the lack of studio space, the absence of sophisticated equipment, and the scarcity of film stock forced Rossellini to adopt the simplicity of means that was responsible for the authentic and uncontrived look of his finished product.’ These conditions, resulting in the need for improvisation, were also true for most films produced during the height of neorealism up until its rapid decline in the early 1950s. However some critics argue that the conditions Rossellini faced have been exaggerated, especially in regards to the poor film stock he was believed to use. Christopher Wagstaff points out, ‘The ‘look’ of Rome Open City has been attributed to poor film stock, yet the film was beautifully photographed by Ubaldo Arata on entirely appropriate film stock, one kind for interiors and another for exteriors.’ One of Rome, Open City’s main neorealist characteristics is the thematic issue’s the film covers. Typical the neorealist films, Rome, Open City depicts the struggle of the poor, working class people within society at that time, in this case, as they try and resist the German occupation. Despite the obvious neorealist theme, critics have argued that Rossellini has deviated from neorealism within the narrative as he relies heavily on the use of melodrama within the plot and uses techniques to over dramatize the ‘epic’ moments he has created within the film, for example the use of none diagenic sound during the scene of Pina’s death is not a technique that is typically used in neorealist as  it defers too much from reality itself. Stephen Hanson even goes as far a stating, ‘its plot is highly melodramatic in the worst sense of the word.† Peter Brunette supports this view, he argues that Rossellini, â€Å"pawns off his   fictions as if they were realities in the best tradition of Hollywood. Not only do critics argue that Rossellini over dramatizes the plot, they also believe that he adopts a more linear narrative compared to the typical neorealist film. Peter Brunette argues that Rome, Open City is, ‘one of Rossellini’s most conventional films, at least in terms of its narrative and dramatic structures.’ He believes this conventional narrative style bears no benefit to the film and even goes on to state, ‘Here, unlike in his previous films, all elements of the mise-en-scene, lighting, dialogue, and everything else, however â€Å"realistic†, are rigorously enlisted in the service of a linear narrative.’ Rossellini’s use of mainly non-professional actors is a clear neorealist aesthetic within the film, however Peter Brunette argues that Rossellini did not abide by this neorealist trend entirely, as he points out, ‘(Anna) Magnani (who plays the role of Pina) was hardly a newcomer to the screen-she had already some sixteen films to her credit since her first role in 1935,’ and continues to add that she was, ‘well know to Italian audiences.’ A final neorealist stylistic quality Rossellini used in Rome, Open City, that seemingly can’t be disputed is the non-elaborative mise-en-scene. Each character’s costume was typical of what would have been wearing at the time the film was set, as we can see in ‘figure 1.’ of Pina, just before her death, with several other women. In contrast to Rome, Open City, 8  ½ varies greatly in regards to neorealism, however, Federico Fellini had strong connections to the neorealist movement and these influences can be seen in certain aspects of 8 ½. One of his first roles in cinema was to work alongside Rossellini for Rome Open City and Paisa (1946) as a scriptwriter, which progressively led to him making his own films. Although Fellini’s first films were considered neorealist, (For example, ‘Variety Lights’ (1950) and The White Sheik (1952)) he soon moved away from neorealism and with 8 ½ he produced a film that devotes much more effort to dreams, fantasy and imagination than it does to reality. However, if you look solely at the scenes that are set in Guido’s reality you can soon identify the influence neorealism has had on Fellini’s work. The free  moving camera style that gave neorealist films a ‘documentary’ feel to it is also evident in 8 ½. During the scen e where Guido enters the hotel and is consistently bombarded and hassled by everyone, unable to get a moment’s piece is a perfect example of how Fellini adopts this style. Throughout this scene the shots are also considerably long, (which is another stylistic quality many neorealist films possess) as the camera tracks Guido making his way through the hotel lobby. It can also be argued that 8 ½ has a greater neorealist quality to it than Rome, Open City in regards to the narrative and plot. Many neorealist films are not hung up on plot, and are more interested in providing a realistic ‘slice of life’ of the characters world (for example, ‘Bicycle Thieves (1948)). As well as the lack of a non-linear story, Fellini is influenced greatly by neorealist aesthetics as he uses real location throughout 8 ½. Although particular scenes in 8 ½ have aesthetic similarities and influences derived from neorealism, the film as a whole is has little relevance to neorealism in most aspects. For example there are very little thematic similarities as a typical neorealist film concentrates in portraying the poverty, suffering and oppression of the working class, 8 ½ is a semi-biographical film Fellini has based on himself. Jack Hirschman describes 8 ½ as, â€Å"Fellini’s most directly autobiographical statement.† Another key variation from neorealist aesthetics is the fact that Fellini expresses imagination, fantasy and dreams at the expense of realism. To conclude I believe that the two films discussed in this essay are not the only respective two of their kind, in regard to neorealist films deviating from the traditional aesthetic qualities expected of it, (for example De Sica’s neorealist film, Miricale in Milan (1951) explored fantasy, at the expense of its realist qualities,) and Fellini’s 8  ½ is of course, not the only film to be influenced by neorealism. Some critics even question neorealist aesthetic qualities further and argue because of the very nature of film production it is impossible to create an entirely realist film, Christopher Wagstaff questions a film’s realism by arguing: Within the narrative of a film, meanings can be signified indexically: if a little boy bursts into tears in a given narrative context, the meaning might be that he is frightened, disappointed or angry- the emotion caused the behaviour; but in ‘reality’ the actor (whether ‘professional’ or not) cried because the director told him to. Peter Brunette even goes as far as stating, â€Å"the only  valid subject for realist cinema is the impossibility of realist cinema.† Bibliography 8  ½ / Otto e mezzo, dir. by Federico Fellini (Colombia Pictures, 1963) Aumont, Jacques, Aesthetics of Film (Austin: University of Texan Press, 1992) Bicycle Thieves/ Ladri di biciclette, dir. by Vittorio De Sica (Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinematografiche, 1948) Bondanella, Peter, The Films of Federico Fellini (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002) Brunette, Peter, Roberto Rossellini (Berkeley: Univerity of California Press, 1996) Forgacs, David, Sarah Lutton and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, Roberto Rossellini: Magician of the Real (UK: British Film Institute, 2000) Gottlied, Sidney, Roberto Rossellini’s Rome open city (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004) Hirschman, Jack, ‘Film Reviews’, Film Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, (1963) Hanson, Stephen. L, Roma, città   aperta (2012) < http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Ra-Ro/Roma-Citt-Aperta.html> [accessed 20th March 2012] Millicent, Marcus, Italian Film in the Light of Neorealism (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986) Miracle in Milan/ Miracolo a Milano, dir. by Vittorio de Sica (Criterion Collection, 1951) Nochimson, Martha. P, World on Film: an introduction (UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2010) Rome, Open City/Roma, città   aperta, dir. by Roberto Rossellini (Minerva Film Spa, 1945) Sparshott, F. E, ‘Basic Film Aestheics’, Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 5, No. 2, (1971) The White Sheik/ Lo Sceicco Bianco, dir. by Frderico Fellini (OFI, 1952) Variety Lights/ Luci del Varietà  , dir. by Federico Fellini (Capitolium, 1950) Wagstaff, Christopher, Italian Neorealist Cinema: An Aesthetic Approach (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007)

History SBA Essay

Statement of Aim Throughout this research paper, the reader will have a better understanding of the different forms of resistance. Also the reader will have the ability to compare the two types of resistance which were active and passive. And finally the reader will be able to tell which type of resistance was most effective and most common between active and passive. Rationale The reason topic being chosen is to better elucidate the different forms of resistance and how effective it was in the Caribbean. As for a historian, this topic allowed me to open my mind by analyzing the types of resistance and interpreting it in the SBA. Resistance of slaves was a great part of Caribbean history which is currently still the most debated topic. With that being said, I felt a need to choose this topic. INTRODUCTION Resistance of slaves was a great part of Caribbean history. There were two  types of resistance practiced by slaves: passive (day by day) and active resistance. In this research paper I will show different types of resistance and their level of effectiveness in battling slavery. FORMS OF RESISTANCE & ITS EFFECTIVENESS The most common form of resistance available to slaves was what is known as â€Å"day-to-day† resistance, or small acts of rebellion, most popularly known as passive resistance. This form of resistance included sabotage, such as breaking tools or setting fire to buildings. Striking out at a slave owner’s property was a way to strike at the man himself, albeit indirectly. Other methods of day-to-day resistance were feigning illness, playing dumb, or slowing down work. Both men and women faked being ill to gain relief from their harsh working conditions. Women may have been able to feign illness more easily–they were expected to provide their owners with children, and at least some owners would have wanted to protect the childbearing capacity of their female slaves. Slaves could also play on their masters’ and mistresses’ prejudices by seeming to not understand instructions. When possible, slaves could also decrease their pace of work. Women more often worked in the household and could sometimes use their position to undermine their masters. Poisoning the master was very popular .In general women may have used birth control or abortion to keep potential children out of slavery. Many slave owners were convinced that female slaves had ways of preventing pregnancy. Throughout the history of Caribbean slavery, Africans resisted whenever possible. The odds against slaves succeeding at a rebellion or in escaping permanently were so overwhelming that most slaves resisted the only way they could, which was through individual actions. Slaves also resisted the system of slavery through the formation of a distinctive culture and through their religious beliefs, which kept hope alive in the face of such severe persecution. The other form of resistance was active resistance, which consisted of running away and conducting rebellions. Slaves who ran away most often did so for a short period of time. These runaway slaves might hide in a nearby forest or visit a relative or spouse on another plantation. They did so to escape a harsh punishment that had been  threatened, to obtain relief from a heavy workload, or just to escape the drudgery of everyday life under slavery. Others were able to run away and escape slavery permanently. Running away was difficult; slaves had to leave behind family members and risk harsh punishment or even death if caught. Many of the successful runaways were only successful after multiple attempts. Runaway slaves would often choose holidays or days off to give them extra lead time (before being missed in the fields or at work). Many fled on foot, coming up with ways to throw off dogs in pursuit, such as taking to water or using pepper to disguise their scent. Slave rebellions all over the Caribbean region were common. There is documented evidence of uprisings in at least 20 islands. In many of the territories multiple revolts occurred. Furthermore, there are many cases when conspiracies were put down before there was any violence. The slaughter of the native population by the early 18th Century left the colonist landowners without a work force for the great sugar, coffee, cocoa and cotton plantations that formed the backbone of the region’s economy. African slaves were brought in to work the land. By the 1720s the population of the Caribbean ranged from a low of about 30 % in Cuba to more than 90 % in other islands. Most whites, however, lived in cities; in the countryside the racial makeup favored Blacks 50 to 1. None-the-less, all economic, political and social power was in the hands of the Europeans. There is no need to discuss the many evils of slavery suffice it to say that revolts began before long. Initial revolts took place in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the late 16th Century and, Barbados, Jamaica and Antigua early in the 17th. By the middle of the 18th Century, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Sainte Domingue (Haiti), and Dominica had experience various degrees of violence. Newly brought slaves – those that had been free in Africa – were more likely to revolt than the ones born in captivity. In some islands, rebellion was instigated by opposition colonial powers during European wars; an uprising in a Spanish colony could be prompted by French agents; or British agents could bring about a rebellion in a French colony and so forth. The Berbice Slave Uprising was a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February 176and lasted into 1764. It is seen as a  major event in Guyana’s anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt. In 1762, the population of the Dutch colony of Berbice included 3,833 enslaved Blacks, 244 enslaved Amerindians or indigenous people, and 346 whites. On 23 February 1763, slaves on Plantation Magdalenenberg on the Canje River in Berbice[ rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house, and then went to other plantations to mobilize other enslaved Africans to join the rebellion. Cuffy, a house slave at Lilienburg, another plantation on Canje, is said to have organized them into a military unit. As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the Dutch settlers fled northward and the rebels began to take over control of the region. For almost a year, the rebels held on to southern Berbice, while the whites were able to hold on to the north. Eventually only about half of the white population that had lived in the colony remained. The rebels came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over the Guianas. Other key figures among the rebels include Atta, Accara and Accabre. The insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe. Cuba with seven documented significant insurrections in the 19th Century is second to Jamaica, which had 14 verified slave rebellions from the mid 18th Century to the mid 19th. The greatest slave revolution in Jamaica was the Baptist War of 1831-1832. It began simply as a general strike during the Christmas season. The slaves, led by one Samuel Sharp, wanted liberation and decent paid. It is not clear why it turned into a fully fledged revolt, but the landowners considered so from the beginning. About 14 Europeans were killed and thousands of acres of crops burned. Within 10 days, it was put down. Anywhere from 20,000 to 60,000 slaves participated in the uprising. Between 200 and 400 die in the fighting and similar numbers were later hunted down. Sharp was executed by hanging. Promises of freedom for the slaves which put an end to the fighting were not kept. British forces landed in the island and hung close to 3,500 slaves. Many additional Africans received other kinds of punishment . The revolt known for its connection to a couple of Baptist parishes was over. The most successful slave revolt to take place in the Caribbean Basin was the Haitian Revolution of 1791 to 1804. The uprising by the slave population in the western part of Hispaniola was influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution – which had been launched just two years before. The leader of the revolt was Toussaint L’Ouverture. The whole process of liberation involves a complex combination of the slave’s revolts; European politics which resulted in the slaves allying themselves first with the Spanish and British and later, with the French; and total control of the island. Eventually, the government of Napoleon Bonaparte would send troops to re-conquer Saint Domingue and would send L’Ouverture in chains to France, where the Haitian leader would die in 1803. However, L’Ouverture’s second in command, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, would declare Haiti a sovereign nation the following year. Haiti thus joined the United States as the only former American territories to gain independence before the 19th Century and the first former European colony liberated by slaves. CONCLUSION From what was explained, it is clear passive resistance was more successful than active resistance. The only level of success achieved actively was the few slaves who ran away and were not caught and the Haitian Revolution. Passive resistance was tolerated for the most part because I feel it didn’t affect productivity on the plantation unlike active resistance that affected production negatively so the masters focused on it strong and stopped them. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Caribbean: Caribbean Story Book Bk. 1 (Caribbean Story History) February 6, 2002 by William Claypole (Author), John Robottom (Author) 2. Ford, Lacy K. Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2009. 3. Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2000. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_rebellion 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3

August 21, 1864 I can't stop thinking about her. I will not even write her name; I daren't. She is beautiful, entrancing, singular. When I'm with Rosalyn, I am Giuseppe's son, the Salvatore boy, essentially interchangeable with Damon. I know it would not matter one whit to the Cartwrights if Damon took my place. It is only me because Father knew Damon would not stand for it, knew I would say yes, just like always. But when I saw her, her lithe figure, her red lips, her eyes that were flickering and sad and thrilling all at once †¦ it was as though I was finally just myself, just Stefan Salvatore. I must be strong. I must treat her like a sister. I must fall in love with the woman who is to be my wife. But I fear it is already too late†¦. Rosalyn Salvatore, I thought to myself the next day, tasting the words as I walked out the door, ready to fulfill my duty by paying a second call on my soon-to-be-betrothed. I imagined living with Rosalyn in the carriage house–or perhaps some smaller mansion my father would build as our wedding present–me working all day, poring through ledgers with my father in his stuffy study, while she took care of our children. I tried to feel excitement. But all I felt was cold dread seeping through my veins. I walked around the grand path of Veritas and gazed wistfully up at the carriage house. I hadn't seen Katherine since she arrived yesterday afternoon. Father had dispatched Alfred to invite her to supper, but she'd declined. I'd spent the evening looking out the window toward the house, but I couldn't see any flicker of candlelight. If I hadn't known she and Emily had moved in, I'd have assumed the house had remained unoccupied. Finally, I went to sleep, wondering the whole time what Katherine was doing and whether she needed comforting. I tore my eyes away from the drawn upstairs shades and trudged down the driveway. The dirt road under my feet was hard and cracked; we needed a good rainstorm. There was no breeze, and the air felt dead. There wasn't another person outside as far as the eye could see, yet as I walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end, and I got the uneasy feeling that I wasn't alone. Unbidden, Robert's warnings about walking off on my own floated through my mind. â€Å"Hello?† I called out as I turned around. I started. Standing just a few feet behind me, leaning against one of the angel statues that flanked the drive, was Katherine. She wore a white sunbonnet that protected her ivory skin and a white dress dotted with tiny rosebuds. Despite the heat, her fair skin looked as cool as the pond on a December morning. She smiled at me, displaying perfectly straight, white teeth. â€Å"I had hoped for a tour of the grounds, but it seems you are otherwise engaged.† My heart pounded at the word â€Å"engaged,† the ring box in my back pocket as heavy as a branding iron. â€Å"I'm not †¦ no. I mean,† I stammered, â€Å"I could stay.† â€Å"Nonsense.† Katherine shook her head. â€Å"I already am taking lodging from you and your father. I will not take your time as well.† She raised a dark eyebrow at me. Never before had I spoken with a girl who seemed so at ease and sure of herself. I felt the sudden, overwhelming urge to whip the ring from my pocket and offer it to Katherine on one knee. But then I thought of Father and forced my hand to stay put. â€Å"May I at least walk with you for a bit?† Katherine asked, swinging her sun umbrella back and forth. Companionably, we walked down the road. I kept glancing to my left and right, wondering why she didn't seem nervous to walk, unaccompanied, with a man. Perhaps it was because she was an orphan and so utterly alone in the world. Whatever the reason, I was grateful for it. A light wind blew around us, and I inhaled her lemony ginger scent, feeling as though I could die of happiness, right there, next to Katherine. Simply being near her was a reminder that beauty and love did exist in the world, even if I couldn't have them. â€Å"I think I shall call you Silent Stefan,† Katherine said as we walked through the cluster of oaks that marked the line between the village of Mystic Falls and the outlying plantations and estates. â€Å"I'm sorry †¦,† I started, fearing that I was as dull to her as Rosalyn was to me. â€Å"It's simply that we don't get very many strangers in Mystic Falls. It's difficult to speak to someone who doesn't know my whole history. I suppose I don't want to bore you. After Atlanta, I'm sure you find Mystic Falls a bit quiet.† I felt mortified as soon as the sentence left my lips. Her parents had died in Atlanta, and here I was, making it sound like she'd left some exciting life to live here. I cleared my throat. â€Å"I mean, not that you had found Atlanta exciting, or that you wouldn't enjoy getting away exciting, or that you wouldn't enjoy getting away from everything.† Katherine smiled. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan. That's sweet.† Her tone made it clear she didn't want to delve into the topic any further. We walked in silence for a few long moments. I kept my stride deliberately short so Katherine could keep up. Then, whether by accident or by design I'm not sure, Katherine's fingers brushed against my arm. They were cold as ice, even in the humid air. â€Å"Just so you know,† she said, â€Å"I don't find anything about you boring.† My entire body flamed hot as a conflagration. I glanced up the road, as if trying to ascertain the best route for us to follow, though really I was hiding my blush from Katherine. I felt the weight of the ring in my pocket again, heavier than ever. I turned to face Katherine, to say what, I'm not even sure. But she was no longer by my side. â€Å"Katherine?† I called, shielding my eyes against the sun, waiting for her lilting laugh to rise up in the underbrush along the road. But all I heard was the echo of my own voice. She had vanished.

Acetylcholine and Nicotine agonist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Manifest Destiny Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Minerals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minerals - Essay Example This paper describes the classifications of minerals. Minerals can be classified according to various physical characteristics such as hardness, luster, and even their color. They can also be classified by their chemical and reaction properties. These properties can help identify unknown minerals, as well as identifying the minerals in the composition of an unknown rock. All of these characteristics are used in the helping of classifying and organizing the wide array of different and unique rocks and minerals that are found above, below, and hidden throughout the physical boundaries of planet Earth. To be truly classified as a mineral, the substance must be a â€Å"solid and have a crystal structure. It must also be an inorganic, naturally-occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition†. A crystal structure is a specific arrangement of atoms inside the mineral. Crystal structures can be seen using X-rays if the mineral composition is too small. There are over 4,000 different types of minerals, of these 150 called "common," 50 are "occasional," and the rest are "rare" to "extremely rare". The first physical classification of minerals is the factor of crystal structure. A mineral may have a small or large crystal structure, and the size, shape, and grain type of the crystal all can help classify the mineral. The second physical classification is the hardness of the mineral. With a diamond being the hardest mineral, and talc being the softness, a scale is used to determine where a mineral’s hardness lies.

My Job Diary Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Job Diary - Term Paper Example The human resource manager introduces me to the chief auditor from the auditing department of the insurance company. The chief auditor concludes the day in the evening by promising me that the next day I will be oriented in the auditing department within the company. The second day of my internship, I arrive at the office at 8.00 am; I am gaining confidence in this endeavor. I meet up with the chief auditor in his office; to my surprise, he had called the main employees from the auditing department in his conference room for a formal introduction procedure. The chief auditor has put me on the hands of the supervisor; we manage to move from one station to another within the auditing department getting to know what each station and employee contributions to the whole functioning of the department. After the tour, the supervisor winds up the day by talks on how the company has provided the employees with a conducive work environment. The third day of my internship, the chief auditor, gives me the room to ask anybody any question concerning the auditing department. I have been instructed to visit any part of the department I do not feel well acquainted. Technically, I am taking a solo tour getting to know all the paths and corners within the company. My day in the office as usual starts at 8.00 am, under the instructions of the chief auditor, the supervisor takes me to sections where the bank reconciliation audits are handled. I get familiar with the employees and the work they do in that section. I start working on the reconciliation audits by myself since I have mastered the procedures to follow. I realize that my speed is not the same as the other co-workers, but with time, I know I will catch up. With the help of a co-worker, I learn how to work with both soft and hard copy of the audits.  

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

History - Essay Example They were also against the reforms that were legislated by the state because they had a preference for individual freedom by choice. They majorly favored agricultural farms and independence in the rural areas and the right to ownership of slaves. Their agenda at this time was rapid expansion in territories whether by purchase or war. Their main focus was to progress by external growth. On the other hand during the 1840s period was the Whigs. They too had their political interests. Contrary to the democrats, the Whigs were a party of modernization. They looked into the needs of the future. Their main interest was the hope of the people of America. They strategized the use of federal state governments to spear head the growth of the nation especially the transport and banking sector. (Holt, 30) writes that they facilitated reforms in public schools, prisons and temperance. As opposed to the democrats, they favored free labor, industrial and urban growth. They were opposed to war and favored gradual expansion of territories as opposed to the democrats who favored rapid expansion of territories through conquering and purchase. The candidate that was chosen to run for 1844 elections was called James Birney. He only managed to win 2% of the total votes but managed to get most of the votes from the northern part which was majorly Whig dominated. On the other hand of the opposing party, were the non-abolitionists who opposed the expansion territorial conquering. This party won in 1848 with 10% of the popular vote. Martin Van Buren was the party candidate. However in 1852 they lost half percentage of their support because their candidate had rejected the compromise made in 1850. In 1860, the democrats’ party split when they were defeated in a defending platform concerning slavery. The convention was held in Charleston, South Carolina. (Holt, 34) points out

World Com and Accounting Ethics Essay Example for Free

World Com and Accounting Ethics Essay Current business and regulatory environments are more conducive to ethical behavior due to many new laws that have been put into effect in recent years. For many companies, especially small ones, the checks and balances are not put into place as well as they should be. With new laws in effect and more and more accountants paying attention to their clients’ accounts, ethical behavior is on the rise although it will take a long time to recover from the scandals that rocked the world beginning with Waste Management in 1998 and following with Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, HealthSouth, Freddie Mac, AIG, Lehman Brothers, Bernie Madoff and Saytam in 2009. For 10 years unethical behavior and choices almost brought our country to its knees and even now many people are losing their homes and their jobs because the economy has still not fully recovered. In 1983 in a small coffee shop in Hattiesburg, MS, the business concept that would become WorldCom was born. The company was to become one of the largest telecommunications companies that would one day rival ATT. WorldCom began as a small long distance telephone company and through an aggressive acquisition strategy, evolved in the second-largest long distance telephone company in the United States and one of the largest companies handling worldwide Internet data traffic. WorldCom achieved its position through a large number of acquisitions and between 1991 and 1997, WorldCom spent almost $60 billion in the acquisition of many of these companies and accumulated $41 billion in debt. With each acquisition, WorldCom’s stock continued to rise as the company became more noticeable, rising from pennies per share to over $60 per share in 1997. As the company grew people sat up and took notice and Wall Street investment banks as well as analysts and brokers began making buy recommendations to investors worldwide. All of this would have ended well if WorldCom had obviously played by the rules but alas, that was not the case. As with any acquisition, let alone 65 of them in six years, management at the top level requires considerable attention to make the merging of the two companies run smoothly. Secondly, the accounting of the financial aspects of each merging company must be accomplished through the application of generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP). WorldCom’s merger with MCI was the beginning of the end. Bernie Ebbers (CEO) paid little attention to the details of the operations and many things began deteriorating, mainly customer service. Customers were told they were not customers, computer systems conflicted with each other and billing systems were not coordinated – a recipe for disaster. Although WorldCom had an immense talent for buying competitors, it was not up to the task of merging them. WorldCom also used their own interpretation of accounting rules when preparing financial statements. â€Å"In an effort to make it appear that profits were increasing, WorldCom would write down in one quarter millions of dollars in assets it acquired while, at the same time, it â€Å"included in this charge against earnings the cost of company expenses expected in the future. The result was bigger losses in the current quarter but smaller ones in future quarters, so that its profit picture would seem to be improving.† (Moberg) WorldCom managers also made their own assumptions regarding accounts receivables which if the money customers owe the company. They chose to ignore the accounts receivables because this allowed for a lower assumption of non-collectable bills which in turn required a smaller reserve fund. The end result allows for higher earnings. All of these practices could continue as long as WorldCom continued to acquire additional companies, using those companies as their â€Å"merry-go-round† to utilize poor accounting practices. Not only poor practices but unethical. In 2000, the merry-go-round stopped when the government refused to allow WorldCom to merge with Sprint. Another accounting practice that that was uncovered was the allowance of the board of directors to authorize loans to senior executives. Mr. Ebbers received a $341 million loan authorized by the board of directors which is the largest amount any publicly traded company has lent to one of its officers in recent memory. This brings concerns about conflict of interest and breach of fiduciary duty but nevertheless WorldCom was not the only company allowing this practice. And on top of that the loan interest rate was as low as 2% which was not much of a return for the company that loaned him that large of an amount. WorldCom’s unethical accounting practices were found by Cynthia Cooper who worked as an internal auditor for WorldCom. Cynthia and her team became suspicious of a number of peculiar financial transactions and began their own private investigation. What they found were multiple entries that were misallocated and unauthorized to the tune of $4 billion dollars in capital expenditures. It appeared the company was trying to represent operating costs as capital expenditures in order to make the company look more profitable. By allowing these kinds of practices and attempting to have others following the same kind of unethical behavior, moral and trust were at an all time low within the company. Beginning in 2002 everything began to unravel. The SEC began an investigation on the company and WorldCom was trying to avoid filing for bankruptcy. Within months they laid off more than 17,000 employees, almost 20 percent of their workforce. By the time it was all said and done, 30,000 employees lost their jobs and investors lost over $180 billion dollars. WorldCom improperly booked $3.8 billion as capital expenditures which improved cash flow and profit over a 5 quarter period. This disguised the actual net loss for 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. It is possible that the accounting irregularities go back to 2000. In simple terms WorldCom did not account for expenses when it incurred them, but hid the expenses by pushing them into the future, giving the appearance of spending less and therefore making more money. This apparent profitability pleased investors who pushed the stock up to a high of $64.51 in June 1999. When WorldCom was stopped from acquiring Sprint they had to find a way to hide their large expenses so that the price of the stock would not go down. They did this by treating $7 billion of line costs as capital expenditures. These line costs were basically rental fees paid to other phone companies to use their phone lines. Up until 2001 these fees (expenses) had always been properly expensed in previous years but when WorldCom placed them in the capitalization category the expense was delayed to future periods which in turn boosted current-period profits. The accounting guideline that made this decision fraudulent was materiality. Materiality refers to the impact of an item’s size on a company’s financial operations. Materiality states that if an item would not make a difference in decision-making, the company does not have to follow GAAP in reporting the item. In this case, $7 billion dollars in expenses makes a huge difference so GAAP guideline should have been followed. Consequently profits for 2001 and 2002 were overstated greatly. This ethical breach could have been avoided long before it became a huge problem basically by maintaining the accounting system from the very beginning. Because WorldCom was more interested in acquiring companies than in merging them properly, accounting systems from various companies did not work together well. After a time and more and more acquisitions it became a huge mess and nobody really had any idea what was right and what was wrong. Senior management used that disorganization to conceal their fraudulent activities. This large of a fraud should have been easily detected by doing a routing comparison of the actual physical assets with a list of the physical assets shown in the accounting records. Following the scandal of WorldCom which closely followed the Waste Management Scandal in 1998 and the Enron scandal in 2001, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, introducing the most sweeping set of new business regulations since the 1930s.

Main economic case in favour of globalisation

Main economic case in favour of globalisation 1. Introduction The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defined globalisation as,The geographical dispersion of industrial and service activities for example, research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution and the cross border networking of companies through joint ventures and the sharing of assets. According to Bhagwati and Jagdish (2004)economic globalization is the integration of national economies into the international economy throughtrade, for examples such as foreign direct investment, migration, and the technology transfer from one country to another. Despite, globalization recognised as combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors (Sheila, 2004). The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, orpopular culturethroughacculturation. Economic activity is becoming organised on a global scale giving a new international division of labour, with production, investment patternsand movements and technology transfers all becoming global. In thisstrategy, activities are established in many sites spread over theworld, based on a countrys comparative advantage. 2. Factors that have led to the process of increased globalisation The rapid effects of globalisation can be linked to the growth of multi-national firms, since products and services have been increasingly internationalised, seen in the development of globalised supply chains. In addition to this, the deregulation of capital markets also makes it easier to achieve acquisitions and mergers. This has resulted in the expansion of the trans-national activities of multi-national firms, and particularly in motor cars, oil, pharmaceuticals, airlines and financial services. There has been an accompanying integration and fusion of national markets, in part through free trade zones such as NAFTA and AFTA, and often reflected in the escalation of foreign direct investment, including in the less developed world. Reference should also be made to cross-border connectivity in other words, the development of new information technologies, and the accompanying new ways of buying and selling goods and services. The process of globalisation is mainly motivated by the desire of corporations to increase profits and by governments intent upon tapping into the potential economic and social benefits that come from increased trade in goods, services and the free flow of financial capital. Among the factors, this essay has divided main drivers that accelerated the production and market globalization into two aspects which are static aspects and dynamic aspects. 3. Static trade globalisation 3.1. Technology Modern artefact and technological are a static aspects which accelerated global economies. In 1980s, the world communication has experienced a fundamental change in the perception of the world and one of the reaching transformations has been the economic structural changes on the global scale. The fundamental of these changes is seen to lie on the technological information revolution for example the intranet in US army base commercialise to market. The innovation of the new technologies has made many countries to grow and a good example in this case is e-marketing. The change in Technological have reducing the cost of transmitting information in other word new technologies presence death of distance. The internet has allowedinformation and communication technology to flourish for example E-business. Internet communications with branches, suppliers, plants, distributors andcustomers generally do not require a physical presence in another country, while much can be achieved through lic ensing and franchising. As a result administration costs have fallen as firms from different parts of the globe can trade efficiently and effectively. 3.2. Trade Liberlisation Another influential factor is the desire to circumvent tariff and non-tariff barriers by regional trading blocs. For example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which replaced the former GATT, was set up to help promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish tariffs and other barriers to open markets. The full benefits of trade liberalization are difficult to quantify. Studies evaluating the effects of trade liberalization under the Uruguay Round completed in 1994 estimate that the increase in annual global income could reach US$200 billion once the reduction in tariffs, export subsidies and quotas negotiated are fully implemented. A similarly positive outlook is provided by the Doha Round. With a 50 percent reduction in tariffs, the World Bank model suggests a real income gain for developing countries of US$ 83 billion or 1 percent, and an exports lift of 14.6 percent. High-income countries see a 0.3 percent real income gain of US$ 67 billion and a 2.8 percent increase in ex ports (Garrett and Goldin and Rodrik, 2003). 3.3. Comparative Advantage Supporters of the WTO argued that there could be substantial economic welfare gains if there was integration of the worlds economy into a single international market. Based upon Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage, it was argued that free trade was likely to benefit countries. By allowing each country to specialise in full orpart production would be concentrated in locations which will enjoy the comparative advantage. It was further argued that specialisation in one type of export was likely to improve its quality and perhaps reduce production costs. For example, Belgian chocolates are exported worldwide. Their high quality is due to expert skills that their producers developed, a process known as learning by doing. Their average costs have also been lowered, by the use of specialised labour and capital; through specialised knowledge and research and development and also perhaps through economies of scale. 3.4. Growth of Multi-National Enterprise (MNE) The growth of multi-national firms has contributed to the rapid increase in globalisation. Firstly, a multi-national firm can bedefined as a company that produces in more than one country. Inpractice, globalisation has involved MNEs because the scale of their investment is such that the sales of the largest MNEs exceed the entire GDP of many countries. Many MNEs have moved their production from the west to developing countries because they want to benefit from that countrys comparative advantage, usually access to much lower labour costs. Due to the low standard of living in many developing economies and lack of government legislation MNEs often locate in areas of high unemployment. Therefore they are likely to benefit from a continuous cheap supply of labour. In theory, this has led to the international division of labour. 3.5. Deregulation National economies have become increasingly integrated, leading to a growth in the number of trading blocs and economic unions. The process has been facilitated by the increased mobility of both physical and financial capital, the latter reflecting the trend towards the abolition of capital controls, the deregulation of financial markets, and the opening up of capital markets in LDCs and in the former Soviet bloc. 4. Dynamic trade of globalisation The European continent has seen a lot of dramatic changes over the past decades. Two world wars have been fought here and new countries have evolved every decade. With such a dynamic place as Europe one would think that trade would be a significantly contributing factor to the globalization of the continent. Taking this one step further it is most likely that other factors such as trade affinities are believed to facilitate trade flows between the trading parties which in turn have yielded a higher state of globalization. In order to be able to determine the effects that trade affinities have had on globalization through time one must first start by determining the meaning of the word globalization. Harris (1993) states in his article Globalization, trade, and income To economists globalization is generally thought of as the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution, and marketing of goods and services. (Harris, 1993, p755). By taking this one step further one can look at globalization as the term use when define the process, or evolution, of the welfare around the world. Although, Harris argues that the definition of globalization alters between subjects but that its importance remains the same no matter the discussion. However one defines globalization it is surely a development that is having a profound impact on the subject of economics as a whole and ought to have on the field of international economics in particular. (Harris, 1993, p. 756) To understand and describe globalization it is not enough to concentrate on the static aspect and the primary phenomena. Not less important for the globalization dynamic are the consequences and rebound effects. 4.1. Improve poverty Poverty reduction has remained the central challenge to majority of the countries especially the developing countries. It is with the help of globalization that majority of the countries have been in a position to reduce their poverty levels. There is great evidence that with the introduction of globalization, it has been in a position to eradicate poverty levels and eventually accelerating growth in most of the countries. It is an important catalytic role in both accelerating growth and also at the same time reducing poverty levels. A good example in this case can be explained by analyzing the developing countries. The developing countries have been in a position to grow out of globalization especially in agriculture sector. This is because with globalization, it means that there is a common market for goods and services and at the same time there are no restrictions to trade. It means that the developing countries that are not in a position to compete with the already developed countries can now compete well with them since you find that with globalization, it means free trade that is a trade which is free from trade restriction. Most of the developing countries found it hard to trade globally due to the introduction of tariffs which were usually high for the infant industries to meet. They had limited exports since the tariffs which were imposed when exporting these goods and services were high hence leading to the increased costs of production. It is out of the increased costs of production that the infant industries from the developing countries could not realize their competitive advantage hence leading to increased poverty levels to these countries. As a result, the countries which are still underg oing development can now benefit from globalization since it means that they are in a position to export their products freely and hence can compete effectively with the other developed countries. As a result, it means that globalization has done so much in eradicating poverty levels especially in the developing countries (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). 4.2. Increase employment Globalization accelerated growth from opening, an accelerated creation of private companies or MNEs and trade expansion have substantially accelerated the pace of job creation. During 1982-1999, the number of new jobs created in manufacturing and services almost doubled from 1965-1982 (Hauser and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli, 2002). Source: adopted from Hauser and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli in WTO news creates additional jobs (2002) According to Eurostat statistic data, in the 17 years from 1982 to 1999, 34 million jobs were created on average every year in manufacturing and services worldwide. From 1991 to 1999, 30.6 million new jobs were created worldwide, slightly less than during the period 1982-1991. This slowdown in job creation is the result of the restructuring of the formerly socialist economies in Europe (CEE/CIS), as the result of earlier mistakes and misallocations during the communist period. Another event was the 1997 Asian crisis that, according to ILO estimates, destroyed approximately 10 million jobs (ILO, 2000). But this latter event came after a period of very high job creation; for the whole period 1991-1999 it is the job losses in Eastern Europe that practically explain the difference, both in absolute and relative terms, in job creation vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis the 1982-1991 period. Between 1982 and 1999, employment growth was mainly in emerging economies, plus about 80 percent in Latin America and in Africa/Middle East, close to 120% in developing Asia. The very high pace of employment creation in emerging economies has not been a zero-sum game; all regions in the industrialized world participated in the employment gains, both in absolute terms and also relative to total population. The only area with unsatisfactorily low growth in employment was the European Union, but this was clearly not a consequence of globalizationbut of the excessive rigidities that constitute an obstacle to markets adjustments. 4.3. Enhanced economic interdependence The sharp rise in trade has been accompanied by an even faster increase in foreign investment flows, as industries and companies relocate production processes throughout the world. During 1980-1997, world foreign direct investment flows increased at an annual average rate close to 15 percent, almost twice as fast as trade growth and considerably faster than world output. In particular, during the 1993-1998 periods, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows rose at an even faster rate, from US$219 billion to US$692 billion (UN, 2001). Developing countries for long only receivers of FDI have now also become investors abroad. Trueglobalization does not mean one-way flows, but it means true interdependence. Economic interdependence can be taken to mean the economic corporation of many countries. Many countries are thought to have increased their economic interdependence. These countries are seen to come together for the trade purposes. A good example in this case can be seen in the formation of NAFTA, WTO, and UNACTAD among other bodies which are said to have increased the production and the market globalization. A good example in this case is NAFTA (North American free Trade association). It is with the formation of NAFTA the member countries have been in a position to expand in growth. This is because it is a free trade association between the member countries whereby there are reduced tariffs to the members of the association. So, the infant industries in these countries can be protected hence leading to their increased production. These countries will be in a position to produce more goods and services and sale them globally hence leading to the growth of the economy. So, it can be argued that the increased economic interdependence has led to the increased production of goods and services and also the globalization market. This is because these countries have made trade agreements so that they can promote trade (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). It is also with the increased economic integration that economies have been in a position to improve on infrastructure. The communication process in this case has been made easy since the communication travel for these goods are made easy. With a good infrastructure, the production of these goods and services have increased since they can be transported quickly and marketed so quickly. The integrated labour force is also another area which has led to the increased production of goods. This is because the integrated labour ensures that people from other countries can work in a given country as long as they have the skills. As result, more expertise in the production hence lead to the increased production and the globalization market (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). Conclusion Globalization is one of the areas that led to most economies to improve. A good can be explained by analyzing the developing countries that they have benefited from the technologies developed by the rich countries. Without globalization that most of the developing countries that could not compete effectively with the developed countries are seen to benefit a lot from the issue of globalization. The rich countries are not better off because they have taken prosperity away from the poor ones; rather, the poor countries are better off because, but situation would have further improved had they been better prepared to capture the benefits of globalization. In additional, globalization is seen to have so many advantages in term of social, economical, and political aspects. It is seen to have increased production hence leading to the economic growth of countries especially in the developing countries. REFERENCES: Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004).In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Pres Boswell, T and Dimitris, S. 1997. Globalization and International Labor Organizing: A World-system Perspective.Work and Occupations,24(3), pp.288-308. Garrett, Michael; Goldin, Ian A.; Rodrik, Dani (2003); Scenarios International Trade and Doha Development Agenda; World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos January 2003. Harris, G. R. (1993). Globalization, trade, and income. Retrieved Febuary 7th , 2010 from http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=00084085(199311)26%3A4%3C755%3AGTAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 Hauser, H and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli, H. (2002). Globalization creates additional jobs; in: WTO-News; University St. Gallen February; www.wto-news.ch. ILO (2000). World Labour Report 2000. Income security and social protection in a changing world. Geneva: ILO. Martin, Will- Winters, Alan (Eds.) (1996). The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries. World Bank and Cambridge University Press. London, U.K. Sheila L. C (2004).Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. United Nations (2001).World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. UNCTAD. New York, U.S.A. and Geneva, Switzerland.

The Financial Effect of Bernie Madoffs Ponzi Scheme

The Financial Effect of Bernie Madoffs Ponzi Scheme Bernard L. Madoff, simply known as Bernie is an American allegedly the operator of what is known as the largest Ponzi scheme in history. Bernie before his capture, acted as the stock broker, investment advisor and non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market (Cherry and Wong 11). It was not later than 2009 when Madoff pleaded guilty; he was guilty for turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. This scheme according to various sources defrauded thousands of investors billions of dollars (Cherry and Wong 16). In 1960, Bernard Madoff founded one of the biggest firms in Wall Street. He was the chairman of his company Madoff Investment Securities LLC, until his arrest was warranted on the December of 2008 (Forbes 21). Before his arrest, the Madoff Investment Securities emerged as one of the top market maker businesses on the Wall Street (Forbes 27). After his arrest, Madoff explained to his children as a confession that most of his asset management unit of his firm was none other but a big fraud. The aim of this paper is to find out how Bernard L. Madoff managed to pull up the largest Ponzi scheme in history as well as the financial effects that this scheme had on the investors in the stock market. The Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme left a lot of people financially wounded and as many people may think that this scheme only affect the Wall Street, research will prove otherwise. The Wall Street was just one of the victims of Madoffs Ponzi scheme. Others include BSBC and Maxam Capital Management LLC. Just to name a few. A Ponzi scheme is an investment where by fraud is involved. Usually when this scheme involves operations that pays returns to separate investors, not from the actual profit earned by the organization in question, but by profit from their own money or money paid by subsequent investors (Times 15). Due to its abnormally high but short term returns on investment, this scheme enables to entice new investors. Failure chances for this system are high mainly due to the fact that earning is usually less that the payment of the investors. How it started and its Benefiters According to Madoff, the Ponzi scheme began in early 1990s (All Sports New York 1). However, to the beliefs of the investigators or what they managed to scoop out of their investigations this scheme began earlier than that. Some say that the scheme began somewhere in the 1970s while others have different views. During the time huge amounts of money went missing from the clients accounts. The missing amounts included fabricated gains that were said to reach an estimate of $65 billion dollars (credit card compare 13). However, in order to pull out such a Ponzi is not an easy task. For one to be able to convince people to venture into a particular investment requires money and genius mind. Nevertheless, the main factor that made sure that Madoff was successful in his Ponzi scheme was his respect by other investors. He was also a well-established and esteemed financial expert with a reputation that was strengthened due to the reason that he was one of the founders of the renowned NASDAQ stock exchange and had a one term tenure as its chairman (How stuff works 2). He managed to earn the trust of his investors by his genius mind, since he ran his scheme concurrently; his was a legitimate business. He ensured that whenever his investors requested a withdrawal, Madoff Investment Company got their money to them promptly (How staff works 1). In addition to that, Madoff did not tempt his investors with unbelievable returns which were a problem of other schemers. On the contrary, this scheme did not just benefit Madoff. Jeffrey Picower, appear to have benefited the most in the scheme as his estate settled the claims against it for a figure estimated to be around $7.2 billion (Cherry and Wong 19). Another company that benefited more in the scheme is J.P. Morgan Chase Co. their benefits were seen in terms of interest and fees charged which were to the tune of a billion dollars. Other investors too were included in the scheme and while some of them have decided to return the money that they gained from the scheme some have decided to deny their involvement in the Madoff Ponzi scheme. Examples of the investors that have refused the charges include New York Mets owners Fred Wilpon and Saul Katz as well as other associated individuals and firms. These investors collectively received a collective amount of approximately $300 million; however Wilpon and Katz have rejected their involvement (Forbes 4). Other investors are still unknown but with time it is assumed that most or all the parties involved in this so called one big lie investment will be found with time. His victims The Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme was declared as the largest Ponzi scheme in history. The so called largest fraud however has left big financial effects on the investors in the market. Most of these investors were directly linked to it while others were not. Thus in this section I am going to point out some of the victims that were affected by Madoff Ponzi scheme. To begin with, HSBC appeared to be among the largest victims of Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme. The company became a victim of the fraud with a potential exposure of about $1billion to the investment managers collapsed venture (huffingpost 1). In addition to that, HSBCs revelation resulted from loans it offered its institutional clients, mainly hedge funds that wanted to invest with Mr. Madoff (huffingpost 1). However, the $1billion is said to be just a part of the cash provide in loans by customers who invested an approximate of $500million of their own funds in Mr. Madoffs venture (huffingpost, 2011). To ease their lose, HSBC has been put first on the list whose money will be return, however this will only be to the success of the US authorities recovering any funds that went into Madoffs ventures. On the contrary, Fairfield Greenwich Group was viewed as the greatest loser in this con of the century. The company lost an estimated amount of $7.3 billion in their Fairfield Sentry Ltd (businessinsider, 2011). Fairfield Sentry has a record of more than 15 years with an annual return of 4 to 6 percentage points above benchmark interest rates, this is a report put forward by a marketing document prepared by Zurich-based NPB New Private Bank Ltd (businessinsider, 2011).In a ten year period that ended in 2000, the companys interest rates ranged from 6.4% to 9.8%. This was due to the split-strike conversion, where the investment manager is made to buy shares belonging to large companies in the US and then entering into options contracts to limit the risk (businessinsider 2). In the wake of the Madoff Ponzi scheme, Fairfield Sentry Ltd Fixed Asset Management opened an account worth $400 million with the Madoff investments. The news of their investment falling into fraud came to them as a shock since then they had been checking with lawyers. Other potential victims to the Madoff Ponzi scheme are the giant French bank BNP Paribas, the Tokyo Based Nomula Holding Inc. and Neue Privat Bank in Zurich (WSJ 2). These two companies which raised lots of funds from investors and farmed out to hedge funds also suffered significant losses even though their loss was not compared to what Tremont Capital Management and Fairfield Greenwich Group, both of New York, had on the Madoff con of the century. Another firm that suffered as victims of the fraud was Kingate Management Ltd who lost an approximate amount of $2.5 billion while investing with Madoff (businessinsider 1). Thus while this seem to be a big loss Santander, which is known as the Eurozones largest bank by market value lost an allegedly $3.1 billion to the Madoff con (businessinsider 2). Santander had most there assets (2 billion euros) belonging to the institutional investors and international clients of its private-banking businesses (businessinsider 1). The Madoff scam did not just affect corporations but also individuals who had invested heavily in the Ponzi scheme. According to Times a family in America was clearly wiped of their wealth overnight. On the 11 of December 2008, a wife received a call that they had been waiting for 5 years in the morning from the person handling their financial matters just to tell her that they were clearly wiped of their investment. To their knowledge, they did not know it but they had been involved in the grand scheme masterminded by Bernard Madoff (Times website 1). Their investment began after they had sold their home at the peak of the market; the wife had a divorce earlier so the settlement from the divorce too was included in the investment together with other petite amounts they had saved. This however, is not the shocking news since the two lovers never really heard of the name Madoff. According to Times, their investment was carried on by a network organizer associated with Madoff. What attracted them what his 40 years fantastic achievement. Also the fact the wifes entire family was in the business for decades was enough to make them believe that their investment in Madoffs scam was a way forward. However, that is not the only family that was affected by the Madoff scandal. Thyssen Family, although not much of a family but a corporation, was also at the mist of the saga. Businessinsider.com reported that the family had been fund of funds since 1989 (businessinsider, 2011). Their involvement in the Madoff Ponzi Scheme came as a guarantee that the investment was going to bring to them a huge return. Ira Roths Family too was affected by the saga. The family had their $1 million invested through Mr. Madoffs firm. Ira found this to be a legitimate investment after finding out that his mother in law had been living on the investments return (businessinsider 2). The list of Madoffs victims goes on and on and thus making his story a very curious case to study. Most of the victims did not have a ware about of what they were doing. Despite the fact that Madoff himself was the owner of one of the top market makers companies on Wall Street was perhaps enough to blind people and make them think that all that he was offering them was a legitimate deal. After effects Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme is seen as the biggest financial scam in history. However, this scam has left not just victims but also big after effects. Many corporations and individuals were left wondering which way forward they should take. Some of the individuals were completely wiped off their investment savings as well as ventures while others even though did not end up having nothing, need to return what they ventured in the scam. The New York Mets owners Wilpon and Katz involvement in the Madoffs Ponzi is said to affect the Mets record in various ways. The Wilpons are said to have invested heavily with Madoff, however they did not just invest their money but the Mets money and money that did not belong to them (Forbes 4). The worst part is that the Wilpons invested money that belonged to the players as well as money they used to fund other projects and TV stations. Despite the fact that, the Wilpons managed to get a lot of returns before the Madoff saga blew off, the saga has caused them now to put Mets on sale. At the beginning their allegations were that they were going to sell 20-25% of the team and none of the SNY but in April 2010 Forbes valued the team together with the SNY at around $825 million (Forbes 2). Their debt is still increasing and now both their team and the SNY are valued at around $225 million. however much the Wilpons are trying to revive the Mets and prevent it from being sold, it is quite clear that their the teams after effects from the Madoff Ponzi Scheme has robbed them off the every other alternative but to sell both the SNY and the team. However, the Madoff Ponzi scheme after effects was not just felt by individuals or corporations. This Ponzi scheme also had an effect on the stock prices as it forced scores of other hedge funds to dispose holdings and increase downward pressure on the stock prices (Forbes 2). These effects were seen after the arrest of the 70 year old investor who was widely considered to have a magic touch as an investor. In addition to that, investors across New York who had clamored to be in Ascot because of their stability of double-digit returns proficiency and the findings of wealth multiplication have all been left with neither head nor tail of what was going on in the corporation (Forbes 3). However, while others were being affected financial wise, the exposure of the fraud on a substantial scale was a upsetting to individuals who put their trust on Madoff with their fortunes and also to non-profit organizations which include Yeshiva University. This university, counted much on Madoffs alleged clandestine trading system to assist operate its institutions (Forbes 2). Justification on the Ponzi Despite the fact that the Madoff Ponzi scheme left so many remnants, a question still remains can financial scam be justified? Many people who fall into financial scams are usually the wealthy type. However, seeming like that is not enough, it has been found that most of the big players of a financial scam are also the wealthy people. For instance the Mets proprietors spent a lot of cash in the scam and thus it was until the whole business failed that they all lost. Despite that this Ponzi left a lot of financial effects of people and corporations, it also left a lesson that will never be forgotten. Madoffs Ponzi just like any other financial scam was not costly to only those who were directly involved but it also had a significant and a far reaching effect among societies nations and even worldwide (creditcardcompare.com.au 2). The Ponzi scheme was bigger than any other financial scandals which have included social security and mortgage mess. The people who have been following the story as it was being air on television and also in court are now asking themselves how much they can trust a corporation they want to invest in. Bernard Madoff Scam cost around $50 billion, and while it appeared to be the worst scam in history, it had its effects which were not just felt by the rich. However, its effects spanned to all nations in the worldwide. The rich together with the poor were all pulled by its magnet. The effect of this Ponzi scheme however has ensured that people will be more careful when it comes to investment. For instance, the two couples that sold all their properties just to invest on Madoffs ventures had not acquired the right information that would have enabled them to actually know what kind of investment they were entering. In a statement published on Times web site the couple stated that they did not know Madoff and thus their financial investment was being carried on by one of his network organizer. This is what smart investors will call lack of legitimate knowledge. More than that, other corporations were caught into the saga since they wanted to increase their profits. Also the fact that Madoff owned a big corporation on Wall Street was enough to actually convince people that his dealings were not just profitable but also legitimate. This backfired for many of the investors. Thus it is very important to actually know the company in which you are investing on. Many financial scams have come up before the Madoff Ponzi scheme but yet people are still being coned by these scam bugs. During the scam the effects are not realized. Even the person orchestrating the scam does not even think of what may happen at the end. It is until the end or after all hell has broken loose that many people come to realize that they were being coned. Thus this is what happened with the Madoff Ponzi scheme. It was not until people received phone calls that they realized that their investment ventures were just lies. However, Forbes has it that, if Madoff had not faced the $7 billion in redemption, the Ponzi scheme had not have been discovered (Forbes 2). This brings us to another lesson learned from this Ponzi greed. Some believe that greed is virtuous, especially when referring to money. However how much greed is good also becomes a question that people need to ask themselves. Madoff clearly knew that what he was doing was not right and thus probably he could have continued with it if he had kept it to the down low. Nonetheless, it is still astonishing the rewards that Madoff managed to pull out of this false investment and thus smart people could have pulled out of it. This is because it is virtually impossible to actually accumulate hefty returns similar to what Madoff gained, and it should have served as a warning to the involved parties (Forbes 1).Instead of waiting until the end where you will be left shocked how such a financial fraud was possible it would have been better if people had actually got smart and start questioning the amount of wealth that was being generated by the Madoff invisible company. Madoff may have conned many individuals, he may have left an investment scare on the financial market as many people are now left wondering where they should invest but in the long run people have to open their eyes. Conclusion In a nutshell it is quite clear that a financial investment can bring huge fortunes to someone. However, financial investments can also leave someone not knowing what has actually happened. Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme is the latest financial scandal to have taken place and as if that is not enough it has also been labeled as the largest financial scam in history. This financial scam has left many people and corporations until now feeling the effects of the Ponzi but the question still remains will this stop people from being financially conned?

Cause and Effects of Smallpox Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Dise

Cause and Effects of Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a virus from air currents which are eventually passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a means of preventing smallpox through vaccination. Gradually mass vaccination programs were introduced in many parts of the world. Smallpox was the first disease conquered by human beings and was eradicated by vaccination. The last known cases of naturally occurring smallpox were isolated in 1977 in Somalia. Smallpox had been one of the world’s most feared diseases which killed hundreds of millions of people and scarred and blinded millions more. Smallpox, which is caused by variola virus, is a severe, often fatal, highly contagious disease. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for â€Å"spotted† and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. It is characterized by high fever and distinctive skin rash that frequently leaves permanent deep-pitted scars. Smallpox varies in severity from a mild, difficult-to-recognize form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. From the 15th century through the 18th records of the disease in Europe show its catastrophic effect on the lives of people and the political and economic history of nations. Even survivors were frequently disfigured for life. (Henderson, 1947) Smallpox was caused by a virus that spread from person to person through the air. I... ...revention. However, in the aftermath of the events of September and October, 2001, there is heightened concern that the variola virus might be used as an agent of bioterrorism. For this reason, the U.S. government is taking precautions for dealing with a smallpox outbreak. (CDC, 2005). Cause and Effects of Smallpox†¦6 References Center for Disease Control. (2004,December).Smallpox Disease Overview. Center for Disease Control. Date Retreived: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp Henderson. D. 1947. World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: Scott Fetzer. Thomas, R. (1907). Variola. The Ecletric Practice of Medcine. Date Retreived: July 21, 2005: http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/themes/smallpox.html World Health Organization. Smallpox. World Health Org. July 21, 2005: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/print.html

Types of Conversation Essay -- Communication, Misunderstanding

Question 1: Describe the situation and why the conversation will be a difficult one. This August, during my short vacation back home, I am planning to have a difficult conversation with a former fellow who I have known three years ago while I was serving in the Taiwanese Armed Forces. We were best friends at that time; however, due to a series of misunderstanding occurred in the last month of our service, we stopped talking to each other ever since and eventually became estranged. Now every time when I look back at our withering friendship, I cannot help but feel regret about it. And I am planning to have a difficult conversation with this friend, trying to recover our long past friendship. It will be a difficult conversation for us for several reasons. First, we have not stayed in touch since our discharge from the armed forces. Several years have passed and now it seems imperative that we re-establish an effective communication channel and get to re-know each other in the shortest possible time. Second, when dealing with the â€Å"what happened† conversation, we must manage to revisit all the misunderstanding occurred two years ago, so that we are able to exchange our stories. Lastly, we need to properly and openly express our feelings, a challenging situation that I am not comfortable with. Considering all these factors, I anticipate our conversation to be both a difficult and a challenging one. Question 2: Discuss the what happened conversation. The â€Å"what happened† conversation centers on a disagreement generated by misunderstanding between two parties (Heen et al, p.26, 2010). In such a difficult conversation, we must first understand that it is rarely about getting the facts right, but rather, it is about conflicting percep... ...ore about his story and recognize the misunderstanding involved, but also directly encourage him to reveal more of his story. This will lead to effective communication between us. Second, I must speak for myself with clarity and power, so that I can express what I am thinking and feeling. As I am usually not a confident speaker, some preparations will help me identify the key issues in my story, so that I can give him the whole spectrum of my story during our conversation. I must provide the context and the development of my feelings during those past events to help him understand me better. By carefully examining all the above-mentioned tactics, I found that a difficult conversation is all about communication. By openly expressing my story and actively listening to his story, I should feel confident that I will eventually succeed in such a difficult conversation.

The Elderly

Growing up , children are taught to respect those who are elder than them , emphasizing parents and grandparents. This is a fine moral value to instill on a child but once that child begins to age , he/she will begin to see the truth behind the lies. As people age their minds deteriorate leading to bad motor skills , forgetfulness and irrational thinking , causing society to view them as a crazy nuisance. Elderly people need some assistance with daily activities and health care from their families. The adult children of this elders often face a difficult challenge in helping their parents make the right choices.The family is one of the most important providers for the elderly. Infact, the majority of caregivers for the elderly are often member of their own family , most often daughter or granddaughter. But sometimes family members of the elderly people ,who generally take care of them , get frustrated or angry and behave harshly with them , beat them. This leads to elderly abuse. Eld erly abuse in our country is growing. Abusers of older adults are both male and female. Usually family members are often the abusers in the domestic surroundings. Researchers estimated two thirds of the elder abuse are family members.The news which comes in the national news paper that elderly parents are being harassed, neglected, and even thrown out of the home, makes a citizen of India shameful and sad. This country was renowned for its good treatment to elderly as well as to the young since ages. The reason was the profound ethical and religious teaching which was prevalent in this country from ages. India being a land of multi lingual and multi religious back ground never one could have thought to see that elderly parents one day could be regarded as unwanted stranger in their own house.But, from a decade or two this unnatural phenomena suddenly appears with such a magnitude that one find himself bewildered how to accept it. Unfortunately this is a real hard fact through which the nation is passing. According to a survey 40% senior citizen living with their families are facing â€Å"emotional and physical abuse. † It is reported that one old grand mother is being thrown out in the garbage by her son and grand son where she ultimately died. India was land where elders were treated with respect and dignity.Mother and father in a house were just like a king and queen where they were treated as a commander of the house not by force but by the way of love and affection which was flourishing in the house. How this sudden change in the attitude of son of the same soil has appeared so abruptly. It is not the soil which has changed but the air and atmosphere of the land has gradually infested with foreign culture and artificial light and glamour as projected through the television and electronic media which has eroded the Indian culture of patience, gratitude and sacrifice. The Elderly Growing up , children are taught to respect those who are elder than them, emphasizing parents and grandparents. This is a fine moral value to instill on a child but once that child begins to age , he/she will begin to see the truth behind the lies. As people age their minds deteriorate leading to bad motor skills , forgetfulness and irrational thinking , causing society to view them as a crazy nuisance. Elderly people need some assistance with daily activities and health care from their families. The adult children of this elders often face a difficult challenge in helping their parents make the right choices.The family is one of the most important providers for the elderly. Infact, the majority of caregivers for the elderly are often member of their own family , most often daughter or granddaughter. But sometimes family members of the elderly people ,who generally take care of them , get frustrated or angry and behave harshly with them , beat them. This leads to elderly abuse. Elde rly abuse in our country is growing. Abusers of older adults are both male and female. Usually family members are often the abusers in the domestic surroundings. Researchers estimated two thirds of the elder abuse are family members.The news which comes in the national news paper that elderly parents are being harassed, neglected, and even thrown out of the home, makes a citizen of India shameful and sad. This country was renowned for its good treatment to elderly as well as to the young since ages. The reason was the profound ethical and religious teaching which was prevalent in this country from ages. India being a land of multi lingual and multi religious back ground never one could have thought to see that elderly parents one day could be regarded as unwanted stranger in their own house.But, from a decade or two this unnatural phenomena suddenly appears with such a magnitude that one find himself bewildered how to accept it. Unfortunately this is a real hard fact through which t he nation is passing. According to a survey 40% senior citizen living with their families are facing â€Å"emotional and physical abuse. † It is reported that one old grand mother is being thrown out in the garbage by her son and grand son where she ultimately died. India was land where elders were treated with respect and dignity.Mother and father in a house were just like a king and queen where they were treated as a commander of the house not by force but by the way of love and affection which was flourishing in the house. How this sudden change in the attitude of son of the same soil has appeared so abruptly. It is not the soil which has changed but the air and atmosphere of the land has gradually infested with foreign culture and artificial light and glamour as projected through the television and electronic media which has eroded the Indian culture of patience, gratitude and sacrifice.

How To Be Successful In Life

Success is something that we all want to achieve in our lives. The type of success aspired to can vary greatly from person; some people want nothing more than to be happily married, have a large family and bring up their children well. Other people strive for academic success and becoming as highly educated as they can, while some people are much more career-focused, and even with this group, their main marker of success can be different things: the power they have, the money they earn or the good they do, a combination of things or something else entirely.Because every type of success is very different, every road to success is very different too, but everyone’s route has one thing in common: hard work. Academic success is something that many students want, but also something that many students are not prepared to really work. Often, successful students are envied for the wrong reasons, with other people thinking that they’re just gifted and assuming that they don†™t even work hard. The most successful students, though, are those that put the work in.It doesn’t matter how intelligent you are if you don’t put the effort in to learn, and work hard on essays and other assignments. Everything we know is learned, and intelligent people are not born with everything already stored in their heads. While intelligence can give students a head start over others, this is where it ends, and those getting the results they want will ultimately be those that worked the hardest. This academic success will also help with your career, but once you’re in a job it’s also incredibly important to work hard.The only people that will be considered for promotion are those that go above and beyond the line of duty in their work. This means being very productive during the working day, but also being prepared to work additional hours and do anything additional for the company if needs be. If you do the same job as another person and youâ₠¬â„¢re equally qualified, the differentiation made between you will be based on who does the best job, which ultimately comes down to who works the hardest.The final type of success is in personal relationships, which everybody wants in some capacity. Working hard at relationships can actually be the hardest of all, as it involves a great deal of time and emotional investment, but it’s worth it to have the support and love of others. Couples that stay together all their lives do not manage it by chance, but by working hard at their relationship, making an effort to do things for each other, working out compromises, and addressing, not ignoring, any issues that may arise in the relationship.

Patients Presentation Of Condition Risk Health And Social Care Essay

Some of the patients that receive dental intervention have a history of depression. It is estimated that 1 in 10 US grownups have depression, harmonizing to the most current informations and statistic of Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , Division of Adult and Community Health1. Many of those patients have some grade of anxiousness when sitting on the dental chair that might even get down at their determination to travel to the tooth doctor. Depression and associated anxiousness negatively affect patients ‘ perceptual experience of themselves and universe around them, doing them to hold low self-esteem and self-efficacy. As a consequence, they tend to insulate themselves from society and neglect certain necessities. A great illustration is their pick to avoid traveling to the dental office and pretermiting their dental hygiene, despite their usage of antidepressant xerogenic medicines and in many instances malnutrition. Depression besides adversely impacts patients ‘ emotions towards events and results in their mundane life. For case, they might be dissatisfied with the dental intervention they are having or its outcome regardless of how good the existent intervention is. Therefore, it is of import to non merely better their unwritten hygiene but besides to take the best, most practical intervention program that will ease the process on the patients and the tooth doctor at the same clip, and will ideally take to their long-run satisfaction.SignificanceAs health care professionals, tooth doctors should hold the capableness to grok each patient ‘s societal, medical and psychological history and its affect on dental intervention and result. It is besides necessary that we are able to work as a squad with patient ‘s primary medical physician and head-shrinker to orient a intervention program that is based on a profound apprehension of patient ‘s status.AimThe purpose of this pape r is to research the consequence of depression on patients ‘ unwritten hygiene, and analyze the result of dental intervention of grownup patients with history of depression, compared to adult dental patients without depression.Patient ‘s presentation of status or hazardThe patient being discussed in this paper has a long history of depression and anxiousness. She presents with edentulous maxillary arch and partly edentulous inframaxillary arch with badly carious, diagnostic dentition. Those five painful dentitions were besides nomadic, with terrible bone recession. Her maxillary dental plate and inframaxillary RPD were sick adjustment, broken, stained and had a bad olfactory property. Patient needed full extractions and new upper jaw and inframaxillary dental plates.Clinical QuestionWill adult dental patients with a history of depression have a good unwritten hygiene result, compared to adult patients without a history of depression?LITERATURE REVIEWPICOPopulation:Adult dental patientsIntervention:Having a long history of depressionComparison:Not holding depressionResult:Improved unwritten hygieneSearch Scheme:All articles were searched utilizing PubMed. The selected articles types were: Clinical Tests, controlled clinical tests, Randomized Control Trial, Review and Systematic Review. Search consequences were farther narrowed by choosing merely worlds as theoretical accounts, English linguistic communication, and publication less than 10 old ages ago. Articles were chosen after reexamining rubrics and abstracts, and selected based on relevance to the subject and highest grade of grounds. Using the keywords â€Å" symptoms of depression, † â€Å" dental intervention † and â€Å" dental behaviour † the first article, Symptoms of depression and anxiousness in relation to dental wellness behaviour and self-perceived alveolar consonant intervention demand, was result 1 of 15 and it was selected. None of the other consequences were r elevant to the subject, so another sent of keywords were used: â€Å" depression † and â€Å" untreated dental cavities. † 6 consequences were found, but the first consequence, Depressive symptoms and untreated dental cavities in older independently, was the most relevant. And to choose a article concentrating on depression and self-pride, the undermentioned keywords were used: â€Å" Oral wellness position, † â€Å" depression, † and â€Å" self-image. † Article, Self-Liking, Self-Competence, Body Investment and Perfectionism: Associations with Oral Health Status and Oral-Health-Related Behaviours, was result 7 of 24, and it was chosen based on its relevance and strength in reply the clinical inquiry. All three articles were cross-sectional, which is a weak type of survey. Harmonizing to ADA, a cross-sectional survey is one â€Å" is the observation of a defined population at a individual point in clip or in a specified clip interval. Exposure and result are determined at the same time † ( ADA- Center for Evidence Based Dentistry ) 2. Strong association and causing can non be concluded from this type of survey ; merely weak association can be deduced. There were a really few systemic reappraisals in the hunt consequences, but none of them were relevant to the subject of this instance study. Clinical tests and cohorts were besides non found to be relevant to the subject or assist reply the clinical inquiry. Furthermore, two of the three articles were conducted outside the U.S. , although published in English. There were no comparable surveies among the hunt consequences that were done in the U.S. ( snapshots of the hunt scheme attached to the dorsum of this study ) .Article Analysis:As a consequence of the hunt scheme, three articles were selected to turn to the above-named clinical inquiry. The first 1 is titled: Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety relation to dental wellness behaviour and self-perceived alveolar consonant intervention demand. What chiefly distinguishes this survey from others is the fact that it does non merely examine dental hygiene of patients with depression, but it besides investigates how those patients assess their demand for dental intervention and dental check-ups. Part of a successful dental intervention is to be cognizant and positive of its entire necessity and positive impact on your wellness. Otherwise, patients would be given to return back to their old unwritten hygiene wonts, doing the intervention to neglect. This survey, harmonizing to the writers, is portion of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, which randomly followed 96 % of all births in the states of Lapland and Oulu ( n=12,058 ) 3. A 1997-1998 long-run follow-up questionnaire was sent to 31 and 32-year old participants ( n=11,541 ) , and 75.3 % ( n=8,690 ) of them responded3. The questionnaire enquired about: their education-level, household income, self-perceived dental intervention and dental wellness behavior2. Research workers divided the collected informations into two chief parts based on symptoms of depression and anxiousness as determined by the depression and anxiousness subscales of Symptom Checklist-25. SCL-25 is a 25-question self-report study about the presence and grade of depressive and anxiousness symptoms over the old week3. For the intent of this instance study, merely data related to symptoms of depression is analyzed. The consequences of this survey were farther divided based on the strength of depression, depressed ( n=1,263 ) , mild symptoms ( n=657 ) , and non depressed ( n=6,702 ) 3. The per centum of down, mild symptoms of depression and non down topics describing brushing their dentitions twice a twenty-four hours was 47.9 % , 52.2 % and 55.6 % severally, and describing frequent dental check-ups one time or more in a 2-year period was 64.9 % , 65.4 % , and 69.7 % respectively3. Most interestingly, the per centum of participants who expressed self-perceived alveolar consonant intervention demand was 61.1 % , 60.4 % , and 48.4 % respectively3. After commanding for confusing factors, including gender, instruction and household income, consequences showed that there is an associated between depression and both toothbrushing twice daily and frequent dental check-ups3. As the strength of depressive symptoms addition, the frequence of tooth brushing and dental check-ups lessening. More intriguingly, this survey showed that patients who have a higher grade of depression tend to experience that they need more dental intervention, as compared to those with fewer symptoms or non-depressed. Therefore, research workers concluded in this survey that patients with depression tend to hold hapless unwritten hygiene wonts. Writers attempted to explicate this association by imputing depression to tire, psychomotor deceleration and deficiency of motive, which are all factors that hinder patients from executing day-to-day life necessities that can be every bit simple as toothbrushing. Furthermore, antidepressant medicines are known to do dry mouth, which may lend to increased dental cavities and worse unwritten wellness. In general, the consequences in this survey and the treatment provided by the writers proceed logically based on the information presented. They clearly province their hypothesis and list the collected informations in well-organized and easy to read tabular arraies. As expected, the writers do non claim 'cause and consequence relationship ‘ . They, nevertheless, claim an association between the dependant and independent variables as discussed above. This claim is justified by their informations analysis and research method, which is a cross-sectional survey. This type of survey has its ain drawbacks that we as research workers and professionals should be cognizant of, in order to avoid pulling the incorrect decisions and using them on our patients. It is important that we understand the failings and the strengths in this survey to recognize its restrictions in clinical pattern, and therefore guarantee better intervention results for patients. The chief strength in this survey is the big sample size followed in this survey, which increases the opportunities of holding a more accurate representation of the population. Another strength is this cross-sectional survey is the fact that it is portion of a postal questionnaire of a long-run prospective cohort survey, and topics were followed since birth for three decennaries. This ensures that the research workers have a better apprehension of the demographics, and societal, medical and dental history of respondents, including the development and patterned advance or declaration of diseases over the old ages. Furthermore, other surveies focus on older populations, but in this survey, research workers examined specifically 31-32 old ages old patients to do certain that they all received cost-free alveolar consonant intervention up to 18 twelvemonth of age3. This, to a certain extent, eliminates the confusing consequence of handiness to dental attention during childhood. Other conf using factors are: gender, instruction, and household income. Controling for all these variables strengthens the writers ‘ claim association between strength of depression and quality of dental hygiene. Another strength is the distinction between symptoms of anxiousness and symptoms of depression. While anxiousness is found to be associated with depression, this is non ever the instance. Anxiety and depression are different psychological diagnosings with different symptoms, which many surveies fail to divide. However, this survey avoids generalisation by sorting the consequences based on patients ‘ symptoms of depression and symptoms of anxiousness individually. Furthermore, research workers further categorized their informations based on the strength of depression and anxiousness, utilizing Symptom Checklist-25 graduated table, which is the recommended showing of psychiatric upsets in a immature grownup population3. All these categorizations of informations make the consequences more population and disease particular, and cut down generalized decisions about depression and dental hygiene. Therefore, it seems that the overall strength of this survey is that writers avoid doing generalisations by stipulating inclusive eligibility standards, commanding for confounders, and stipulating different grades of depression symptoms. This reinforces the association between depression and both tooth brushing and dental check-up frequence. On the other manus, this survey has some points of failing that are deserving adverting. First of them is the fact that this survey is cross-sectional, which ranks it low on the hierarchy of grounds. In other words, entirely based on the survey design, the grounds for the association between depression and dental hygiene is weak, and possibly ca n't be applied clinically until farther prospective cohorts, indiscriminately clinical tests, or systematic reappraisals are conducted to turn out stronger association and causing. The decisions made in this survey are based on subjective steps, as self-reported by topics in the studies. Another survey is needed to objectively analyze dental hygiene utilizing patients ‘ cavities hazard and periodontic disease. Another 2012 cross-sectional survey, entitled: Depressive Symptoms and Untreated Dental Caries in Older Independently Living South Brazilians, conducted in Brazil examined the association between depression and dental hygiene wonts among big patients4. However, in contrast to the former survey, the latter objectively assesses dental hygiene wonts utilizing the rate of untreated cavities ( DMFT index ) , presence of dental plaque, and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Another chief difference is the fact that the latter survey focused on analyzing the impact of depression on dental hygiene behaviour among the geriatric population. Research workers interviewed indiscriminately selected 390 South Brazilians, who were more than 60 old ages old ( average age of 66.83 old ages ) , with at least one tooth in their teething ( average figure of dentitions of the sample was 9.94 ) 4. Oral scrutinies were done by two accredited tooth doctors. 44 out of 390 participants ( 11.3 % ) were shown to h old symptoms of depression utilizing the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , which harmonizing to research workers has a sensitiveness of 85.4 % and specificity of 73.9 % in naming major depression symptoms4. Data collected found that 234 participants ( 60 % ) had at least one tooth diagnosed with untreated dental decay4. The average DMFT was 22.06, with a average D of 1.25, and a average F of 2.45. Furthermore, 126 participants ( 32.4 % ) had low unstimulated salivary flow4. Consequences showed that depression symptoms were associated with untreated dental decay. Writers concluded that depressive symptoms may move as forecasters of cavities in older grownup patients. In order to measure the credibleness of the decision, it is of import to analyse the strengths and failings of this survey. A major strength is commanding for major confusing external variables, including: age, gender, abode, monthly income, instruction, and prescribed medicines, and smoking wont. Controling for abode was used as a placeholder of non merely socioeconomic position, but besides H2O fluoridization, which contributes to keeping unwritten hygiene4. Another strength in this survey is the use of hierarchical attack to analyse and rank the above external variables harmonizing to their grade of association with untreated dental cavities. This is a well-organized analytical attack to sum up collected informations, and analyze the consequence of each variable individually. Harmonizing to this type of analysis, there is a important association between depression and untreated decay ( p= 0.01 ) 4. Furthermore, research workers used statistical analyses to mensurate the significance of association, including X2 trials for the dichotomous variables, and Student T trials and Mann-Whitney trials for uninterrupted variables4. All these types of analysis addition the dependability of the decisions. Despite these scientific analyses and indiscriminately selected big sample, this survey is cross-sectional, which renders the association between depression and untreated cavities weak, and no causing can be drawn from this type of survey. In add-on, even though research workers attempted to command for a comprehensive list of confusing variables, it is about impossible to nail the ground of untreated cavities to one variable, such as depression. Untreated decay is a consequence of a web factors: medical, societal, and psychological. Even though the hierarchical analysis might be an orderly method of analysing informations, it might non be inaccurate to rank the impact of each variable on untreated cavities, as that ranking might change based on different samples or different populations. Furthermore, this survey was conducted in South Brazil, and the consequences might non be applicable to a U.S. population. Another cross-sectional survey, Self-Liking, Self-Competence, Body Investment and Perfectionism: Associations with Oral Health Status and Oral-Health-Related Behaviours, aimed at tie ining self-liking and self-image to keeping one ‘s unwritten wellness position and behavior5. This survey is of import because low self-pride is a major symptom of depression, and possibly signifiers an obstruction to effectual dental intervention. The questionnaire was answered by 217 freshman dental pupils at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila in Romania, with a average age of 19.24 years5. The study included a 20-item self-liking/self-competence graduated table, and besides gathered information about topics ‘ age, gender, smoking wonts, unwritten wellness behaviour such as flossing, brushing and oral cavity rinse, and self-perceived dental wellness such as non-treated cavities, extracted dentitions, dental hurting, esthetics and gingival disease5. Consequences showed that topics with high self-liking and self-competence were more likely to brush their dentitions twice a twenty-four hours, floss, usage mouthrinse, and see their tooth doctors more frequently5. They were besides more likely to, as one would anticipate, hold less untreated dental cavities, less extractions and healthier gum with less hemorrhage. Furthermore, it was found that depression in mundane life was positively associated with denta l wellness. However, the association in this survey is weak due to the survey design, which is cross-sectional. Another failing in this survey is the fact that the topics are immature college pupils, who do non stand for typical patients with depression. Furthermore, the article did non concentrate on depression as a disease ; it examined â€Å" mundane life depression † instead5. In add-on, footings such as, gingival hemorrhage, untreated cavities, anxiousness, and depression might be confounding or misinterpreted by undergraduate pupils who are non dentally cognizant. For case, pupils might describe non holding untreated cavities merely because they are non experiencing any hurting. On the other manus, the comparatively big sample size, irrespective of the average age, is portion of the strength of this survey. Besides, the testers controlled for topics ‘ age, instruction and rational degree, to guarantee more accurate consequences. Synthesis of findings: Overall, based on the findings of the first article, Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety relation to dental wellness behaviour and self-perceived alveolar consonant intervention demand, one can claim that grownup dental patients with a history of depression tend to hold worse dental hygiene results, compared to those without depression. Furthermore, patients with higher grade of depression have more self-perceived alveolar consonant intervention demand, which is most likely a direct contemplation of their low self-efficacy. It is deserving analyzing in future surveies whether this increased perceptual experience of dental intervention demand could be utilized by tooth doctors as a incentive to better their patients ‘ dental hygiene behaviour. Furthermore, even though decisions made by the writers may look logical, they can non be faithfully applied in clinic, unless proven by a higher evidence-based survey design. Similarly, based on the consequences of the 2nd article, one can reason that grownup dental patients with depression tend to hold more untreated dental cavities and worse dental hygiene results, compared to patients without depression. Stronger surveies are needed to turn out the association claim made in this cross-sectional survey. And for more relevant consequences, future surveies should be conducted on a big, indiscriminately selected sample of American population. Similarly, the consequences of the 3rd article showed that patients with high self-liking and self-competence have better dental wellness behaviour. In contrast, depression is found to be associated with worse dental hygiene. This makes sense because low self-pride is one of the common features of depression. However, this survey design is weak and does non bring forth dependable consequences based on the findings. The sample of population examined in this survey, dwelling of immature college pupils, is clearly non an accurate representation of our typical dental patient with depression.Description of patient:Demographic: J.J. , 57-year-old Caucasic female. Born and raised in New York, USA. Critical marks: BP: 130/80, pulsation: 62, BMI: 24 Social and Personal History: Divorced twice. Currently lives entirely. Patient has one kid in college. Patient is on public assistance and has Medicaid. Patient studies utilizing intoxicant one time every six months. She is a tobacco user: Cigarettes, less than 10 a twenty-four hours, 6 pack-year history. History of Present Illness: Patient struggled from depression and anxiousness for many old ages. Her depression escalated after her 2nd divorce. Medicines: Pristiq, Halcion and Valium. Past Illnesss: Bulimia when she was a adolescent, stopped in 2006. Cholecystectomy many old ages ago. Carpel Tunnel surgery 3 old ages ago. Arthritis which was treated surgically in her pollex. Three episodes of Bell ‘s Palsy, unknown cause. Reappraisal of medical history and susceptibleness to chronic disease: Depression doing her susceptible to cavities, periodontic disease, Review of systems and Risk factors: Depression, anxiousness, allergic reaction to penicillin, arthritis, dry mouth, malnutrition. Hazard factors: High cavities hazard, moderate periodontal hazard, moderate-low hazard of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, moderate intral-oral nutrition hazard factors, due to old dental plates and trouble mastication. Pertinent Family History: Father had a heard onslaught Finally, based on the findings of both articles, depression is associated with hapless dental hygiene behaviour and high cavities risk because of low self-esteem, reduced frequence of check-ups and tooth brushing, and antidepressant xerogenic medicines. Consequently, it seems that grownup dental patients with a long history of depression tend to hold worse unwritten hygiene results, compared to grownups without depression. However, there is no uncertainty that this premise can non be faithfully applied in clinic until a prospective cohort, randomized controlled test, systematic reappraisal, or meta-analysis is used to demo a strong association or causing. It is of import that dental patients understand that even though those current surveies are logical and analytical, they are simply based on questionnaires, which do non run into criterions for high grounds. There is no uncertainty that handling grownup patients with a long history of depression is by and large more complex than handling those without important medical history. Depression patients, as illustrated by the above articles, tend to hold more untreated cavities to get down with. In add-on, it might be more hard to convert depression patients about a intervention program, particularly if they need extractions or dental plates. They besides tend to be less compliant with their assignments and physician ‘s instructions. Additionally, they might be more critical of their tooth doctor ‘s work and concluding result. However, all that should non impede or deter tooth doctors from handling depression patients. Everyday at NYUCD, pupils and module are able to successfully handle patients with depression, through showing compassion, apprehension, and appropriate communicating with patient. Depression patients have more self-perceived dental intervention demands compared to p atients without depression. Therefore, this evident consciousness of their dental demand should be used by their tooth doctors to actuate them to have necessary dental intervention. Furthermore, possibly tooth doctors should work with patients ‘ head-shrinkers to increase their self-esteem and self-competency, which should take to bettering patients ‘ dental wellness behaviour, and accordingly, guaranting a long-run successful intervention. Ms. J.J. , patient reviewed in this instance study, has a long history of depression and anxiousness. She feels dying when she sees a tooth doctor. It was determined after seting a comprehensive intervention program that she needed full upper and lower dental plates, alternatively of her old lower RPD and upper full dental plate. Patient was so given two options: either to pull out the dentition and become edentulous for a few months until the new prosthetic devices are inserted, or have immediate dental plates. Patient was ab initio disquieted and get downing shouting hysterically when she thought she could non afford the immediate dental plates. However, through proper communicating and exhaustively explicating to the patient the procedure of manufacturing immediate dental plates, including the timeframe and the fiscal facets, patient was really satisfied and agreed to acquiring immediate dental plates. And presently, patient is excited about acquiring her smiling back, like she sa ys. Therefore, it is of import that we, as health care professionals, understand the complexness of depression and how it affects the result of dental intervention. The intent of this instance study is to happen out whether grownup dental patients with history of depression have improved dental hygiene result, comparison to those without depression. After analysing the findings in the articles and their decisions, it is evident that there is an association between depression and hapless unwritten hygiene, reduced frequence of check-up visits and tooth brushing, and increased cavities hazard. Therefore, big dental patients with long history of depression have hapless dental hygiene result compared to those without depression. However, it is deserving observing that future stronger surveies with big sample size are needed to be conducted in the U.S. , in order to pull dependable decisions that can be applied in our evidence-based dental medicine in clinical pattern. Depression is a complex, multifactorial disease, which requires a squad of wellness attention professionals dwelling of at least patient ‘s tooth doctor, primary attention doctor and head-shrinker to set a comprehensive, long-run effectual intervention program for the patient.